Английский язык

1. Unit 1. The beginning of UK's traditions

Класс 8

Артикль с географическими названиями. Степени сравнения прилагательных. Сравнительные предложения с as...as. Действительный/страдательный залог.

Unit 2. School is not only learning

Infinitive or gerund / Употребление инфинитива или герундия

Инфинитив представляет собой неличную глагольную форму (неопределённая форма глагола), не имеющую категории лица и числа. В предложениях часто встречается после некоторых основных или модальных глаголов с частицей to или без неё.

Verb + to-infinitive: want to, need to, would like to, ask smb to, tell smb to, advise smb to, recommend smb to.

Modal verb + to-infinitive: have to, ought to.

Modal verb + infinitive: can do, must do, may do, needn’t do.

Герундий – неличная глагольная форма, образуемая с помощью -ing. Употребляется после некоторых глаголов:

like / love / dislike / hate / can’t stand doing smth; после прилагательных с предлогами: be fond of / interested in /afraid of / good at / bad at doing smth.

Adjective + preposition /Прилагательное + предлог

Прилагательные часто употребляются с предлогами, например: about,at, by, for, from, in, of, to, with. Общего правила употребления предлогов с прилагательными не существует, поэтому надо запомнить предлог, с которым употребляется прилагательное.

Adjective + about

angry (mad) about / for something

enthusiastic about somebody / something (doing something)

excited about something / doing something

happy about somebody / something (happy that somebody or something is good or right)

nervous about something / doing something

optimistic about something / doing something

pessimistic about something / doing something

sad about something / doing something

serious about something / doing something

worried about somebody / something / doing something

Adjective + at

angry (mad) at / with somebody for something

awful at something / doing something

bad at something / doing something

brilliant at something / doing something

clever at something / doing something

excellent at something / doing something

excited at (the prospect of) doing something

good at something / doing something

hopeless at something / doing something

shocked at / by somebody / something

skilled at something / doing something

successful at something / doing something

surprised at / by somebody / something

terrible at something / doing something

slow at something / doing something

Adjective + by

amazed by somebody / something – удивлённый кем-либо / чем-либо

excited by somebody / something – взволнованный, возбуждённый кем-либо / чем-либо

shocked by somebody / something – шокированный кем-либо / чем-либо

surprised by somebody / something – удивлённый кем-либо / чем-либо

Adjective + for

famous for something – известный чем-либо

grateful / thankful for something – благодарен за что-либо

prepared / ready for something – подготовлен / готов к чему-либо, для чего-либо

sorry for somebody / something / doing something – жаль кого-либо, что-либо

Adjective + from

independent from (having its own government)

protected from something – защищён от чего-либо

Adjective + in

experienced in something / doing something – опытный

interested in somebody / something / doing something – заинтересованный

skilled in / at something / doing something – умелый

slow in doing something – медленный

successful in something / doing something – успешный

Adjective + of

afraid / scared of somebody / something / doing something – боящийся

ashamed of somebody / something – стыдящийся

aware of something – осведомлённый

capable of something / doing something – способный

certain of / about something – уверенный

independent of somebody / something (free and capable of doing things without help from other people) – независимый

(it is) kind / nice / sweet of somebody to do something (somebody is friendly and caring if they do something): It’s kind of you to help me (мило с вашей стороны ...).

proud of somebody / something / yourself гордый за

(it is) silly of somebody to do something (somebody is foolish if they do something): It’s silly of you not to follow this advice (глупо с вашей стороны ...).

typical of somebody / something (having general characteristics of a group of people or things) – типично, характерно для: (it is) typical of somebody to do something (we expect the person to do a certain thing)

Adjective + to

dedicated to something / doing something (working very hard, because a

person cares about it a lot) – преданный

kind to somebody – добр к кому-либо

(un)friendly to somebody – (не)дружелюбен к кому-либо: They were really

unfriendly to me at the party.

Adjective + with

angry with / at somebody about / for something – зол на кого-либо / из-за чего-либо

boredwith / of somebody / something / doing something – скучно / наскучило с / надоело что-то делать

familiar with something – знаком с чем-либо

ok with / by somebody – хорошо с кем-либо

pleased with / for somebody – доволен кем-либо

pleased with / at / about something – доволен чем-либо

popular with somebody – популярен у кого-либо

satisfied with somebody / something удовлетворен кем-либо / чем-либо

2. Unit 2. School is not only learning

Класс 8

Инфинитив. Герундий. Прилагательное + предлог.

Unit 3. Meals

Articles / Артикли

Cуществительные, обозначающие прием пищи, не имеют артикля, если они употреблены в своём абстрактном значении, просто называют ту или иную трапезу и ассоциируются со временем приёма пищи: to have (take, serve, cook,prepare)

breakfast, lunch, dinner, tea.

Lunch is at 12 o’clock. What shall I cook for dinner?

Неопределённый артикль употребляется, если у существительного есть описательное определение:

There is no such thing as a free lunch. A potluck dinner is a dinner when everyone has to bring a dish.

Определённый артикль употребляется с данными существительными, если имеется в виду сама еда:

The dinner you cooked was great! How much did you pay for the lunch?

Quantifiers / Указатели количества

Для того чтобы посчитать неисчисляемые существительные, употребляются слова, обозначающие меру объёма, и структура a ... of ... . Например, a glass of water.

A glass of ..., a bottle of ..., a cup of ... (water, milk, juice, tea, coffee), a slice of ..., a piece of ..., a chunk of ..., a pound of (фунт = 454 грамма) ... (cheese, meat, bread, pie), a gram of ..., a kilo of ... (cheese, meat, butter flour, sugar, coffee).

Reflexive pronouns / Возвратные местоимения

В английском языке нет возвратного местоимения себя. Для обозначения перехода действия на само лицо употребляются восемь возвратных местоимений, оканчивающихся на -self (-selves во множественном числе):

I – myself, you – yourself, he – himself, she – herself, it – itself, we – ourselves, you – yourselves, they – themselves.

На русский язык они переводятся глаголом с постфиксом “-ся (-сь)” или местоимением “себя” (“себе”, “собой”, “сам”):

They talked about themselves. – Они говорили о себе.

I can take care of myself. – Я могу позаботиться о себе сам.

3. Unit 3. Meals

Класс 8

Артикль с названиями приемов пищи. Указатели количества. Возвратные местоимения

4. Unit 4. Money

Класс 8

The Present Perfect Tense/ the Present Perfect Continuous. Определенный артикль с субстантивированными именами прилагательными.

5. Unit 1. Family relationship

Класс 9

Проверочный лексико-грамматический тест

6. Unit2 Interpersonal relationship

Класс 9

Проверочный лексико-грамматический тест

Unit3 A Healthy Lifestyle

Degrees of comparison of adverbs.

Степени сравнения наречий

Наречия образа действия, а также некоторые другие могут иметь сравнительную и превосходную степени сравнения (положительная степень совпадает с исходной формой). Перед такими наречиями можно по смыслу поставить слово very. Степени сравнения наречий образуются так же, как и степени сравнения прилагательных. Наречия времени, места и многие другие степеней сравнения не имеют.

1. Односложные наречия и двусложное наречие early образуют степени сравнения путем прибавления суффикса -er (сравнительная степень), суффикса -est (превосходная степень).

Положительная степень	Сравнительная степень	Превосходная степень
fast быстро late поздно soon скоро hard усердно early рано	faster быстрее later позднее sooner скорее harder усерднее earlier раньше	fastest быстрее всего latest позднее всего soonest скорее всего hardest усерднее всего earliest раньше всего

2. Наречия, образованные от прилагательных при помощи суффикса -ly, образуют cравнительную cтепень при помощи слова more, а превосходную – most.

Положительная степень	Сравнительная степень	Превосходная степень
easily легко clearly ясно	more easily легче more clearly яснее	most easily легче всего most clearly яснее всего

3. Следующие наречия, как и соответствующие им прилагательные, образуют степени сравнения не по правилу:

Положительная степень	Сравнительная степень	Превосходная степень
well хорошо badly плохо little мало much много	better лучше worse хуже less меньше more больше	best лучше всего worst хуже всего least менее всего most больше всего
far далеко	farther^{^[1]} дальше further	farthest дальше всего furthest

Для усиления сравнительной степени наречий, также как и прилагательных, употребляются слова much гораздо, much more намного.

It is much better to say nothing. – Гораздо лучше ничего не говорить.

She is feeling much better (worse). – Она чувствует себя намного лучше (хуже).

[1] farther – употребляется для обозначения расстояния

7. Unit3 A Healthy Lifestyle

Класс 9

Проверочный лексико-грамматический тест

Unit4 The world of fashion

Pronouns another / other / others / the other / the others.

Местоимения another / other / others / the other / the others

Another + singular noun

Местоимение another употребляется с существительными в единственном числе, например: another skirt, another model. Оно может выражать два оттенка значения:

– «другой, иной» (по качеству) – a different person or thing of the same type:

This chair is broken. Take another one. – Этот стул сломан. Возьми другой.

– «другой, еще один» (по количеству) – one more person or thing of the same type as before:

Can I have another apple? – Можно мне еще одно яблоко?

Other + plural noun / Others

Местоимение other употребляется перед существительными во множественном числе (other details, other materials) или самостоятельно в форме множественного числа others и выражает следующие оттенки значений:

-«другие, дополнительные» – additional people or things of the type already mentioned or known about:

In addition to Nicola, Mrs Stanley has three other children.

-«другие, иные» – people or things different from the ones already mentioned or known about:

I suggested a camping holiday, but Kerry had other ideas.

She has other interests.

Some people like rock music, others donоt.

– «другие» – people in a general way when you are not including yourself as one of them:

I don’t care what other people think.

We aim to develop in our students a sense of responsibility and a respect for others.

Remember: some other / any other + singular noun. e.g. Not now. We’ll talk about it some other time. The Greeks spend more money on food than any other nation in Europe.

The (my, his, her) other + singular noun

Местоимение the other употребляется с существительными в единственном числе (the other boy, the other sweater) в значении:

– «другой, второй» (если речь идет о двух конкретных лицах, предметах или объект состоит из двух частей) – the thing or person from two definite things or people, mentioned after the first on:

Here is only one shoe. Where is the other?

She was looking around for her other shoe.

I held onto the rope with my other hand.

– «другой, противоположный» – opposite:

A taxi had stopped on the other side of the road.

He sat at the other end of the sofa.

I did my best to avoid a car coming from the other di rection.

I tried to attract her attention, but she was looking the other way.

The (my, your) other + plural noun / The others

Местоимение the other употребляется также перед существительными во множественном числе (other details, other materials) или самостоятельно в форме множественного числа the others и имеет следующее значение:

– «другие, остальные» (из конкретной группы людей или предметов) – the rest of the people or things in a definite group:

We stayed until all the other guests had gone home. Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony is much longer than his other symphonies.

Where are my other cassettes that I gave you?

There are only three books in the bag. Where are the others?

Порядок прилагательных в английском языке

https://i.ytimg.com/vi/qeQxt6eQz9Q/maxresdefault.jpg

8. Unit4 The world of fashion

Класс 9

Проверочный лексико-грамматический тест

9. "Family"

Класс 11

Изучаем лексический материал по теме "Family"

10. Unit 2. Jobs

Класс 11

Conditional II

11. Unit 3. Environment

Класс 11

Conditional III

Britain, Australia, and New Zealand

The Foundations of the United Kingdom

To understand the English-speaking world, one must first look at Britain, which is often compared to the roots of a massive oak tree that has spread its branches across the globe. Britain is not just one country but a union of four distinct nations: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Each of these nations carries its own "personality" and history, yet they are bound together by a shared political system and the English language.

The United Kingdom refers to the political union of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, while Great Britain specifically describes the largest island.

The geography of Britain is defined by its temperate maritime climate, meaning it is often damp and green, which has historically shaped its agricultural life and its people's famous obsession with talking about the weather.

Australia: The Continent of Extremes

Moving from the rainy islands of Britain to the vast, sun-drenched landscapes of Australia is like stepping into a completely different world, though the historical fingerprints of Britain remain visible in its laws and language. Australia is often called The Land Down Under because it sits entirely in the Southern Hemisphere. If Britain is a dense forest, Australia is a spacious desert fringed by vibrant tropical coasts.

The Outback is the vast, remote, and arid interior of Australia that represents the rugged spirit of the continent.

1. Most of the population lives along the coast in cities like Sydney and Melbourne because the interior is incredibly harsh. 2. Australia is home to monotremes and marsupials, such as kangaroos and koalas, which are animals found almost nowhere else on Earth. 3. The Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest coral reef system, stretches along the northeast coast, showcasing the country's immense natural wealth.

New Zealand: The Island of Clouds

While Australia is flat and ancient, its neighbor New Zealand is young, mountainous, and incredibly green. If Australia is a wide-brimmed hat, New Zealand is a sharply peaked crown. It consists of two main landmasses: the North Island and the South Island. The country is famous for its geothermal activity, including hot springs and volcanoes, as well as its massive glaciers and fjords in the south.

Aotearoa is the Māori name for New Zealand, which most commonly translates to "The Land of the Long White Cloud."

The culture of New Zealand is a unique bicultural blend of British colonial heritage and indigenous Māori traditions. For example, the Haka, a traditional Māori dance, is performed by the national rugby team to show strength and unity. 1. New Zealand was the first country in the world to give women the right to vote in 1893. 2. The Kiwi is not just a fruit or a flightless bird; it is also the nickname used by people from New Zealand to describe themselves.

Connecting the Three Nations

Despite the thousands of miles of ocean between them, these three regions are connected by the Commonwealth of Nations. This is like a global family tree where the members share a common history and language even though they have grown into independent adults. While Britain provided the original linguistic framework, Australia and New Zealand have developed their own distinct dialects and slang, reflecting their local environments and multicultural populations. Today, they stand as three distinct examples of how geography, indigenous roots, and colonial history can combine to create vibrant, modern societies.

12. Britain, Australia, and New Zealand

Класс 11

This material explores the historical, geographical, and cultural landscapes of the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand, highlighting their unique identities and shared connections.

The USA and Canada

A Shared Continent with Different Souls

The relationship between the United States and Canada is often compared to two siblings living in a massive house; they share the same walls and history, but they have decorated their rooms very differently. While both nations occupy the vast majority of the North American continent and share the longest undefended border in the world, their paths to nationhood created two distinct personalities. The United States was born from a violent revolution against the British Crown, fueled by a desire for individual liberty, whereas Canada emerged through a peaceful evolution, choosing to maintain a symbolic link with the monarchy while developing its own independence.

The Continental Divide is a natural mountainous boundary that determines whether water flows toward the Atlantic or the Pacific, symbolizing the vast geographical scale shared by both nations.

The geography of both countries is defined by dramatic landscapes, from the ancient Appalachian Mountains in the east to the rugged Rocky Mountains in the west. In the center, the Great Plains act as a massive "breadbasket" for the world, where endless fields of wheat and corn stretch across both sides of the border.

The American Melting Pot

The United States is famous for the concept of the Melting Pot, an analogy where different cultures and ethnicities are expected to "melt" together to form a single, unified American identity. This is reflected in the national motto, E Pluribus Unum, which means "Out of many, one." 1. American culture places a high value on individualism and the "American Dream," the idea that anyone can achieve success through hard work. 2. The country is a Federal Republic, where power is shared between the national government and fifty individual states. 3. Large metropolitan areas like New York City and Los Angeles serve as global hubs for finance, film, and technology.

The Bill of Rights refers to the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, which protect fundamental freedoms like speech and religion.

The Canadian Mosaic

In contrast to the American melting pot, Canada describes itself as a Cultural Mosaic. In a mosaic, different pieces (cultures) are placed together to create a beautiful picture, but each piece keeps its original color and shape. This multiculturalism is a core part of the Canadian identity, notably seen in the province of Quebec, where French is the primary language and culture.

Bilingualism is the official policy of Canada, recognizing both English and French as equal languages in government and society.

1. Canada is a Constitutional Monarchy, meaning it recognizes the British monarch as the ceremonial head of state. 2. Most of the population lives within 100 miles of the U.S. border, leaving the vast Canadian Shield and the Arctic north sparsely populated. 3. National symbols like the Maple Leaf and sports like Ice Hockey are essential threads that tie the diverse population together.

Daily Life and Subtle Distinctions

While a traveler might not notice the difference when crossing from Washington State into British Columbia, small details reveal the shift in national character. In the U.S., you might go on vacation and fill your car with gas, while in Canada, you might take a holiday and look for a petrol station (though American terms are increasingly common). Even the alphabet ends differently: an American says "zee," while a Canadian says "zed." These two nations remain the closest of allies, tied by massive trade agreements and a shared environment, proving that even with different philosophies on society, they can thrive as neighbors on a single, interconnected continent.

13. The USA and Canada

Класс 11

This material examines the geographical, historical, and cultural relationship between the United States and Canada, highlighting their shared North American roots and distinct national identities.

Личные местоимения	Притяжательные местоимения	Абсолютные притяжательные местоимения
I	my	mine
you	your	yours
he	his	his
she	her	hers
it	its	its
we	our	ours
they	their	theirs

Список тем

Unit 1. The beginning of UK's traditions

Артикль с географическими названиями

1. Unit 1. The beginning of UK's traditions

Unit 2. School is not only learning

2. Unit 2. School is not only learning

Unit 3. Meals

3. Unit 3. Meals

Unit 4. Money

4. Unit 4. Money

Unit 1. Family relationship

5. Unit 1. Family relationship

Unit2 Interpersonal relationship

6. Unit2 Interpersonal relationship

Unit3 A Healthy Lifestyle

7. Unit3 A Healthy Lifestyle

Unit4 The world of fashion

8. Unit4 The world of fashion

"Family"

9. "Family"

Unit 2. Jobs

10. Unit 2. Jobs

Unit 3. Environment

11. Unit 3. Environment

Britain, Australia, and New Zealand

The Foundations of the United Kingdom

Australia: The Continent of Extremes

New Zealand: The Island of Clouds

Connecting the Three Nations

12. Britain, Australia, and New Zealand

The USA and Canada

A Shared Continent with Different Souls

The American Melting Pot

The Canadian Mosaic

Daily Life and Subtle Distinctions

13. The USA and Canada

Список тестов

Тест: Unit 1 Итоговый тест

Is the national … of England a rose?

The mountains … the two countries.

Belarus … 6 regions.

Belarus borders …5 countries.

…Alaska is the biggest state in … USA

… Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

… United Kingdom includes …Great Britain and …Northern Ireland.

…Japan is a country of …Asia in the north of …Pacific Ocean.

Show me …Canary Islands on the map.

I’ve made up my mind to go to … Black Sea next summer.

English … in many countries of the world.

The British Isles … by water.

People … many interesting programmes on TV.

Big Ben …all over the world.

We … our classroom after classes.

The Amazon is 10 times … than the Berezina.

Is Minsk …than St. Petersburg?

Lake Windermere is …natural lake in England.

My brother is as … as I am.

Brazil is not so … as Canada.

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1. Unit 1 Итоговый тест

Тест: Unit 2. Итоговый тест

According to our ... we have 6 lessons every day.

The … of our school is to help students develop their abilities.

The school … its students modern facilities for learning.

This school … honesty and respect for each other.

All concerts and meetings are held in our … .

The club develops our logical and thinking … .

Do you have a wide range of after-school … in your school?

Tom would like to … the Speaking Club.

What is there (рядом с) your school?

There is a stadium (позади) the school.

Are there any flower beds (перед) your house?

The library is (напротив) the central square.

There are some books (под) the table.

We thanked him for … in our work.

I want .. tennis.

According to the latest official , the number of families has been rising in the last decade.

After my grandfather last year, we all learned to the time we have with our loved ones even more.

. They are not , but they have been for two years and live in different apartments.

A recent public showed that , people believe family is the most important thing in life.